这里所列的是以色列发行的文物古迹邮票。
犹太散居博物馆(希伯来语:בית התפוצות,英语:The Diaspora Museum),又名犹太民族博物馆,是一十分独特和具有创新意识的博物馆,主要反映犹太人的历史、文化和信仰。博物馆位于以色列特拉维夫大学内,致力于讲述犹太民族的历史,增进犹太人的民族认同感。该博物馆也是一个通过犹太教育促进犹太人之间相互认同的中心场所。
该博物馆于1978年5月建成对外开放,是当时世界上最为先进的博物馆之一。该博物馆的建立由时任世界犹太人大会主席的纳赫姆·古德曼(Nahum Goldman)最先提出。犹太散居博物馆为参观者提供了搜寻自己家族史的可能。它建有自己的数据库,可以从中查找自己的家谱、自己名字的起源,以及自己所在社团的历史。2011年,以色列政府制定了相关的政策,更新了博物馆的技术设备。
犹太散居博物馆是世界上最大的专门展示犹太民族及其历史的博物馆之一。博物馆的展品包括照片、文献、电影、音乐、地图等。通过这些展品讲述犹太人的流散历史,展示不同时期不同地区犹太人的会堂、住房和手工作坊。博物馆还收集了大量与犹太人流散史相关的电影和音乐。
博物馆的展品按照6个不同的主题进行展出。每个展区都有供参观者进行研讨的场所。这种展示方式由诗人阿巴·科夫纳(Abba Kovner)提出。他认为这一方式可以更好地展示犹太人2600多年的流散历史。
博物馆有为中国游客制作的中文普通话版音频指南以及中文资料,让中国游客可以无语言障碍地参观博物馆。博物馆还特别设有定居中国哈尔滨和开封的犹太人社区的展览,并为他们的犹太教教堂建造了等比例模型。
About The Menorah - From the Temple to Israel's National Symbol While the People of Israel wandered in the desert, the gold seven-armed menorah served as one of their scared tools of worship. This menorah, which was placed by King Solomon in the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, was plundered by Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar during the destruction of the First Temple. The new menorah, fashioned by Zrubavel during the construction of the Second Temple, was stolen by King Antiochus IV and was later replaced by a gold menorah commissioned by the Hasmonean Kings.
The seven-armed menorah was the most prominent of the sacred tools of worship, and even before the Temple was destroyed it became a well-known symbol and was engraved on a coin featuring Hasmonean King Antigonus II Mattathias (1), carved into the walls of the priests' homes in Jerusalem and embossed on various stone tools.
Synagogue, Magdala
In 2009, archeologists working in the town of Magdala on the shore of the Sea of Galilee discovered the ruins of an ancient synagogue from the Second Temple period. In the main sanctuary they unearthed a large adorned stone featuring an impressive relief of the Temple Menorah alongside two jugs of oil, which was probably used as a lectern for reading the Torah (2).
Arch of Titus, Rome
The Arch of Titus, which was erected in Rome after the Romans quashed the Great Revolt and destroyed the Second Temple, features a relief describing their soldiers' triumphant journey bearing the Temple menorah, the symbol of the defeated Judean monarchy. (3) The Jews themselves also considered the menorah to be an important symbol and integrated it into a wide variety or sites. Among the many examples found are the mosaic floor in the synagogue at Nirim (4), an engraving on the burial cave walls in Beit She'arim, a stone menorah from the synagogue in Hamat Tiberius (5) and illustrations from numerous books, including a menorah from an adorned page, Spain, late 15th century (6).
State of Israel
Over the years, other symbols such as the tablets of the Ten Commandments or the Star of David displaced the menorah as the most significant Jewish symbol. However, the national awakening of the Jewish people in the late 19th century brought back the image of the menorah and it was emphasized as a meaningful symbol of tradition and rebirth. This trend was especially prominent in works created in the Bezalel Academy of Arts in Jerusalem, where students designed a wide range of menorahs in innovative styles (7). The First Judeans Brigade, which was established in 1919 and became the first solely Jewish military entity, also chose to incorporate the menorah into the unit's symbol (8).
Shortly after the State of Israel was established, numerous proposals for the national symbol were reviewed. Most of the proposals included the menorah, and after a series of discussions, graphic designer brothers Gabriel and Maxim Shamir were asked to design the symbol. Based on a suggestion by Minister David Remez, it was determined that the menorah in the national symbol should be based on the Arch of Titus relief. The illustration that symbolized the destruction of the Jewish nation in the past would now reflect the rebirth of the Jewish State and the return of the Jewish People from exile to their homeland.
The two olive branches which appear in the national symbol are designed to express a message of peace. The integration of these two elements ties the national symbol of Israel to the vision of the Prophet Zechariah (4:2-3): “I see a lampstand all of gold… and by it are two olive trees”, thus emphasizing the connection between the menorah in the symbol with the one that stood in the Temple in ancient times.