俄罗斯沙皇系列邮票

这里所列的是俄罗斯1997-2008年陆续发行的俄罗斯沙皇系列邮票。

1997 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：彼得一世时期 (5+1MS全)

Foundation of St.Petersburg. During the Russian-Swedish War (1700-1723) in May 1703 the Russian troops took the town of Nienshants. Peter the Great ordered to build the fortress of St Peter and St Paul on an island near the town, which marked the beginning of St.Petersburg. Tsar Peter mobilised the efforts of the whole country to build the new capital of Russia and its sea port. The stamp features Peter the Great discussing the construction of the new capital. In the background there is the frame of a ship under construction and the outline of the fortress of Stt. Peter and Paul. In the upper part of the stamp there is a cartouch with the coat of arms of St.Petersburg and symbols of the new capital.

Military Reforms, creation of a regular army and navy. Peter the Great is the founder of the Russian regular army and navy. Peter's army was better organised and equipped than the Swedish army. The stamp features Tsar Peter handing a standard over to the commander of Preobrazhensky regiment, one of the first regiments of the Russian army. In the background there is the view of the Admiralty shipyard (1705) in St.Petersburg, which played an important role in the development of the Russian navy. In the upper part of the stamp there is the badge of the Life-Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, a guards glory band, and samples of Russian arms of Peter the Great's era.

The Northern War (the war for the access to the Baltic Sea). In 1701-1703 the Russian army took the position on the coast of the Finnish Gulf and started advancement towards the mouth of the Neva river. On 5 May 1703 Swedish ships “Astrild” and “Gedan” entered Neva from the Finnish Gulf. Peter the Great decided to attack the ships using boats. The Swedish ships were encircled and overtaken. That was Peter the Great's first success on sea, for which he was awarded the order of St. Andrew, the first Russian order. As a result of the military campaign of 1701-1703 Russia acquired lands along the Neva river. The stamp features the moment the Swedish ships were overtaken by Russians. In the upper part of the stamp there is the star and the badge of the order of St.Andrew (1698) and symbols of the naval glory of the Northern War.

Administrative reforms. Reforms of the state organisation under Peter the Great were an important step towards transformation of Russian autocraty of the 17th c into administrative monarchy of the 18th c. The tsar created provinces, established ministry boards which governed various segments of state administration, approved the Table of Ranks. In 1711 the Senate was established which substituted the Boyar Duma. The Senate governed all the institutions of the country. The stamp features a meeting of the Senate chaired by Peter the Great. In the upper part of the stamp there is a cartouch with the coat of arms of Russia, and the buildings in which the Senate held its meetings.

Reforms in Culture and Education. Under Peter the Great many colleges were established, i.e. the colleges of engineering, artillery, medicine, mathematics and navigation. Lots of text books and lay books (belles-lettres) were published. The stamp features Peter the Great examining a student of the maths and navigation college which was opened in the Sukharevskaya Tower in Moscow in 1701. The Tower (built in 1692-1701) is in the background. In the upper part of the stamp there is a picture which symbolises the introduction of civil type instead of ancient Slavic type, as well as symbols of scientific research.

The margins of the sheet feature the personal Tsar's standard with the state coat or arms, a double-headed eagle displayed, and the geographical sea maps symbolising that the Tsar rules over the four seas, i.e. the White, Caspian, Black, and Baltic seas. In the lower margin of the sheet there is a picture of the fortress of Stt. Peter and Paul and a battleship, a brig, and a galley which symbolise the great navy created by Peter the Great.

2002 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：亚历山大一世时期 (4+1MS全)

Alexander I, a Russian emperor (1801-1825) (after a lithography by K.Kohlman from the original by A.Orlovsky. Private collection).

N.M.Karamzin (1776-1826), a historian, a writer, the honorary member of the Academy of Sciences in St.Petersburg, the creator of “The History of State of Russia” and the founder of Russian sentimentalism.

Graf M.M.Speransky (1772-1839), a politician. Since 1808 - the primal councillor of Alexander I, the author of the political reformation plans, took the lead in creating the National Council.

The PatriPotic War of 1812 against the aggression of Napoleon stopped in 1814 when Paris was taken and the Empire of Napoleon I tumbled.

Portrait of Alexander I (by F.Jerard). The margins of the sheet feature the Alexander Column and the arch in the Palace Square.

2004 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：叶卡捷琳娜二世时期 (4+1MS全)

Catherine II's reign was notable for wanton development of Russian science and culture: painting and architecture, theatre and education, literature and history, sculpture and geography. This was a period famous for expeditions led by scientists.

The time of Catherine II's reign is famous for enlightenment reforms. Institutes, cadet corps and foundling-hospitals were established. Catherine II was the first to try to establish in Russia a system of primary education for everybody except for bonds.

In spite of the fact that Legislative Commission had been working just for a year, its work was useful. According to the material gathered by the Commission Catherine II passed several laws on behalf of the development of Russian society.

Catherine's push to the the Black Sea led to the two long and bloody wars between Russia and Turkey (1768-1774 and 1787-1791), where Russia was a winner. Due to the victories Russia annexed Northen Prichernomorie and Crimea.

Catherine II takes the place of honour among other Russian monarchs. Due to the empress and her companions, Catherine II's reign was a period of great victories of Russia, of the rise of Russian culture and of significant reforms. That is why this period is called Golden Age of the Russian Empire.

2004 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：保罗一世时期 (2+1MS全)

The coronation of Paul I took place in the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Moscow Kremlin on the 5th of April 1797. In the day of crowing a few legislative deeds were promulgated. Paul I issued the Manifesto of tree day corvee. The manifesto said: “that no one would in any way dare to make peasants work on Sundays…”. At the same time, it was proposed to use statute labor no more than three days a week and the rest of the weekdays a peasant could work for himself. The manifesto was somewhat a recommendation and a starting point for limiting and abolition of serfdom in Russia.

At the close of the 18th century the menace of invasion the Malta and independence threat came from the Napoleon army. Paul I, in bounden duty, struggled with revolutionary France and Napoleon and at the most crucial moment he extended a helping hand to the dying organization. On November 17, 1797 he took over the title of the Protector of the Order and on November 27, 1798 Paul I was elected the Grand Master of the Maltese Order. The members of the Order moved to Saint Petersburg. On December 16, 1798 Paul I was inaugurated as the Grand Master of the Maltese Order. Since then the Maltese Order and its symbolism were not for long introduced into the national emblems of the Russian Empire. The Maltese Cross especially was included into the state arms and the Order of Saint John Jerusalem was among the Russian Emperor’s awards .The Maltese Order was returned to the bosom of the Roman catholic church again after the death of Paul I.

The reign of Paul I was marked by very significant political, military and cultural doings in the history of Russia. Regardless of the fact that Paul I gained prestige of an astute politician outside Russia the court felt resentment against the monarch inland.

边纸：圣彼得堡 滴血救世主教堂
2005 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：亚历山大二世时期 (4+1MS全)

V.A. Zhukovsky( 1783-1852) put the ideas of the Swiss pedagogue Pestalotsi into the foundation of his educational plan for the heir of the Russian throne. Pestalotsi considered 3 factors to be important for the up-bringing of a person: the person of an educator, the living conditions and the feeling of philanthropy. Zhukovsky thought that a ruler should be not erudite but enlightened. The enlightenment should familiarize him with all the information necessary for the common welfare. He paid much attention to the moral education of the crown prince, aimed at cultivating the respect for the low in him, he considered history to be the main science for the future monarch.

The crowning festivities took place in Moscow from the 14th to the 26th of August, 1856. The big and the small crown, the scepter, the orb, the purples, the crown signs of the Apostle Andrew The First Called, the State Stamp, the Sword and the Banner were taken to the old capital for the festivities. The ceremonial departure was not executed by a solemn slow cortege of coaches but it was made by the railway. During the coronation Aleksander Nikolaevich solemnly sat on the throne of John III and Marija Aleksandrovna sat on the throne of Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov.

Soon after the coronation the emperor declared in his speech to the noblemen that the serfdom can be born no more. He founded a special secret committee from the highest officials of the empire. This committee was supposed to elaborate all the reasons for the serfdom abolishment and was later on transformed into the Main committee on the peasants’ case. 23 million peasants got the desired freedom on the 19th of February, 1861. The greatest state act in the Russian history was carried out.

Alexander II, having arrived to the Russian troops on the 12th of April, 1877 issued a manifest on the beginning of the war with Turkey. The emperor was with his army till the defeat of Plevna, he wanted to witness the heroic deeds of his troops. He took care of the wounded soldiers and officers, whom he visited in hospitals and even took to his carriage from the battlefield. The monarch acted as the Commander in chief at the critical moments of the war.

边纸：圣彼得堡 冬宫
2009 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：伊丽莎白女皇时期 (1MS全)

Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761), daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. She has come to the throne as the result of palace revolution. Elizaveta Petrovna's twenty years reign was marked by many outstanding achievements both in foreign policy and military sphere, and also in the fields of culture and science. One of her most important achievements was the decree abolishing the death penalty in Russia. Among other important events: 1743 - the Abosky peace treaty with Sweden, finishing the Russian-Swedish war, 1756-1762 - participation of Russia in the Seven Years War against Prussia, marked by a number of victories (Gross-Egersdorf, Zorndorf, Kunersdorf, capture of Koenigsberg, occupation of Berlin). Also, during the reign of Elizabeveta Petrovna, the first Russian porcelain manufactory was founded (1744), the public theater in Yaroslavl was opened (1750), The Moscow University was founded by the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and with the active participation of I.I. Shuvalov (1755), the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg was established (in 1757) and many other things also took place.

边纸：圣彼得堡 艺术间
2009 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：叶卡捷琳娜一世时期 (1MS全)

Catherine I Alekseevna (1684-1727) is the Russian Empress since 1725, Peter I second wife. Nee Martha Skavronskaya, the daughter of livisch peasant, she was born on April, 5th, 1684 in Ringen, Lifljand. In 1702 she was got to Russian captivity when Russian armies were taken Marienburg during Northern war. In 1704 she accepted Orthodoxy. In February, 1712 she married Peter I. On May, 7th, 1724 she was crowned as the Empress in Uspensky cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. In January, 1725 Ekaterina became the autocratic Empress - the first woman individually dominating in Russia after Princess Olga. The Empress died on May, 6th, 1727 in St.-Petersburg. She buried in Petropavlovskiy cathedral of Petropavlovskaya Fortress near to her husband. Souvenir sheet represents: 1. Catherine I portrait. 2. Sign and tape of award of Sacred Great martyr Ekaterina (it was established by Peter I in memory of patriotic act of his wife, which had rescued Tsar and Russian army from captivity at the time of Prutsky campaign of 1711). 3. Building of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (it was opened by Catherine I on December, 27th, 1725 according to Peter I decree).

2006 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：亚历山大三世时期 (2+1MS全)

边纸左侧：莫斯科 基督救世主主教座堂
2008 俄罗斯 俄罗斯的历史：尼古拉一世时期 (1MS全)

Nikolay I (1795-1855) is Russian Emperor since 1825, third son of emperor Pavel I. He became emperor after sudden death of his brother, emperor Alexander I. During Nikolay’s govern centralization of bureaucracy became stronger, Law Code of Russian Empire was completed and new rules of censorship were introduced. At 1837 first Russian railroad between Saint – Petersburg and Tzarskoye Selo was built and start exploited. The most important part of Nikolay’s external policy was return to principles of Sacred Union. On the stamp we can see portrait of Nikolay I, on the brims – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , which was started to built in 1839 according to the new project and Nikolay’s order; picture of coat of arms of Russian Empire and also we can see fleet, because Nikolay I paid much attention to the forming of Russian Empire Navy.